2018年2月3日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：The link between culture and thought

2018年2月3日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：The link between culture and thought

A

For more than a century, Western philosophers and psychologists have based their discussions of thought patterns on one basic principle: that the same processes underlie all human thought, whether in the mountains of Tibet or the grasslands of the Africa. Cultural differences might dictate what people thought about Teenage boys in remote areas of Africa, for example, might discuss cows with the same passion that New York teenagers reserved for sports cars. But the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the worid around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone.

B

However, recent work by a social psychologist at the University of Michigan, is turning this long-held view of mental functioning upside down. In a series of studies comparing European Americans (representing 'Westerners') to East Asians (representing 'Easterners'), Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.Actually researchers were not the first psychological researchers to propose that thought may be embedded in cultural assumptions. For example, Soviet psychologists of the 1930ys posed logic problems to Uzbek peasants, arguing.But University of Michigan work has been of interest in academic circles because it tries to define and elaborate on cultural differences through a series of tightly controlled,empirical laboratory experiments. In the broadest sense, the Michigan studies carried out in the United State, Japan, China and Korea - document a basic contrast between East and West, and in doing so they raise questions about the assumptions of cognitive psychology that have been made for the past half a century.that intellectual tools were influenced by pragmatic circumstances.

C In one study, for example, by Dr. Nisbett and Takahiko Masuda, a graduate student at Michigan, students from Japan and the United States were shown an animated underwater scene, in which one larger "focal" fish swam among smaller fishes and other aquatic life. Asked to describe what they saw, the Japanese (or Eastern) subjects were much more likely to begin by setting the scene, saying for example, “There was a lake or pond” or "The bottom was rocky," or “The water was green.” Americans (or Western), in contrast, tended to begin their descriptions with the largest fish, making statements like "There was what looked like a trout swimming to the right" Overall, Japanese subjects in the study made 70 percent more statements about aspects of the background environment than Americans, and twice as many statements about the relationships between animate and inanimate objects. A Japanese subject might note for example, that "The big fish swam past the gray seaweed."And, the greater attention paid by Easterners to context and relationship was more than just superficial, the researchers found, Shown the same larger fish swimming against a different, novel background, Japanese participants had more difficulty recognizing it than Americans. This indicated that the perception of the Japanese was closely dependent upon what they saw in the background.

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雅思阅读真题题目如下：

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraph A-F

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F in boxes 14-18 in your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once

14. the point during an experiment when all subjects agreed with a particular point of view

15. reference to thinking pattern's fundamental principle

16. a description of how different cultures might view the same scene

17. examples of what young people talk about in widely different geographical contexts

18. an illustration of people's different reactions to a change in viewpoint

Q 19-22

Look at the following statements (Questions 19-22) and list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researchers, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once

List of researchers

A Takahiko Masuda and Dr.Nisbett

B Inched Choi and Dr. Nisbett

C Ara Norenzayan and Dr. Nisbett

19. Westerners tend to adhere to their beliefs even when they are presented with contradictory evidence.

20. Visual images can be used to reveal differences in people's thought processes.

21. Easterners are likely to reject a well-reasoned argument that they know to be false.

22. Easterners may find it hard to identify a familiar object in new circumstances.

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