2016年4月21日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Development of Public management theory

2016年4月21日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Development of Public management theory

Bureaucracy management: The classic one

{A} Several theories bridged the gap between strictly private and public sector management. One good example is Max Weber exploring sociologist, who explored the ideal bureaucracy in The Protestant ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Bureaucratic Theory was developed by a German. Sociologist and political economist Max Weber (1864-1920). According to him, bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization. The organization has a well-defined line of authority. It has clear rules and regulations which are strictly followed. according to Max Weber, there are three types of power in an organization: 1. Traditional Power, 2. Charismatic power, and 3. Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power.

The Characteristics or Features of Bureaucracy Organisation

{B} Weber admired Bureaucracy for its trustworthiness. The Bureaucracy was constituted by a group of professional, ethical public officials. These servants dedicate themselves to the public in return for the security of job tenure among the many advantages of public employment. There is a high degree of division of Labour and specialization as well as a defined Hierarchy of authority. There are well-defined rules and regulations that follow the principle of Rationality, Objectively, and Consistency. These rules cover all the duties and rights of the employees. These rules must be strictly followed. Impersonal relations among the member of the organization. Interpersonal relations are based on positions and not on personalities

{C} Bureaucracy organization is a very rigid type of organization. Too much emphasis on rules and regulations which are rigid and inflexible. It does not give importance to human relations. No importance is also given to informal groups which nowadays play an important role in all business organizations. Yet, too much importance is given to the technical qualifications of the employees for promotion and transfers. The dedication and commitment of the employee are not considered. It is suitable for government organizations. It is also suitable for organizations where change is very slow. There will be unnecessary delays in decision-making due to formalities and rules. It is appropriate for static organizations. There is difficulty in coordination and communication.

{D} Herbal Simon, Chester Barnard, and Charles Lindblom are among the first of those recognized as early American public administrators. These men ushered in an era during which the field gained recognition as independent and unique, despite its multidisciplinary nature. Simon contributed theoretical separation to discern management, decisions based on values. since one cannot make completely responsible decisions with public resources based solely on personal values, one must attempt to upon objectively determined facts. Simon developed other relevant theories as well. Similar to Lindblom’s subsequently discussed critique of comprehensive rationality, Simon also taught that a strictly economic man, one who maximizes returns or values by making decisions based upon complete information in unlimited time, is unrealistic. Instead, most public administrators use a sufficient amount of information to make a satisfactory decision: they” satisfice.”

{E} In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which agents can make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only” bounded rationality” and must make deci9sion by “Satisficing,” or choosing that which might not be optional but which will make them happy enough. ” Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximize their utility function. Under the constraints they face (e.g. their budget constraint, limited choices,…..) in pursuit of their self-interest.

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QUESTIONS 1-2

Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 1-2

What are the features and advantages of Bureaucratic Management?

A There are equal opportunities coming from little hierarchy of authority among companies

B employees‘ promotion can be much fairer which is based on job duties not on characters

C employees enjoy a greater freedom of duties than their strict right

D selection and Promotion is based on mastery of new technology

E these employees can dedicate themselves to the public for stability of a long term job

QUESTIONS 3-4

Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 3-4

What are the limitations for the ideas of Bureaucratic Management?

A commitment of the employee is not taken into consideration enough

B there is difficulty in decision-making based on formalities and rules

C employees are casually organized as no importance is given to formal groups

D There is difficulty in enforcement of rules and regulations

E it is not applicable to dynamic organizations where change is very fast

QUESTIONS 5-6

Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 5-6

What are the aims of management as Douglas McGregor’s work of the “Theory Y”

A employees must be coerced and controlled if management expect to see results

B employees has natural tendency for rest or play

C humans will not automatically seek responsibility

D managers may guide employees in a cooperative manner toward objectives

E there is little room for manager to designate or share his power

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