雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Constellation

雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Constellation

A. A constellation is a group of stars which when viewed collectively appear to have a physical proximity’ in the sky. Constellation boundaries and definitions as used today in Western culture, and as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), were formalised in 1930 by Eugene Delporte. There are 88 official constellations as recognised by the IAU, those visible in the northern hemisphere being based upon those established by the ancient Greeks, The constellations of the southern hemisphere – since invisible to the Greeks due to geographical location – were not defined until later in the early modem era.

B. Arguably, the twelve constellations through which the sun passes – as used to represent the signs of the zodiac to define birth characteristics – are the most culturally significant and well known of those established by the ancient Greeks. Cultural differences in Interpretation and definition of star constellations mainly relate to these zodiac interpretations, Chinese constellations, for example, which are different to those defined in the western world due to the independent development of ancient Chinese astronomy, includes 28 ‘Xiu’ or ‘mansions’ instead of the 12 western zodiac counterparts. In Hindu/Vedic astronomy, in which constellations are known as ‘rashis’, 12 rashi corresponding directly to the twelve western star signs are acknowledged; these are however, divided again into 27 ‘Nakshatras’ or ’lunar houses’. Many cultures have an intricate mythology behind the stars and their constellations. In Greek mythology, for example Pegasus, the winged horse, is said to have sprung from the decapitated head of Medusa, and later was used by the God King Zeus to carry thunder and lightning to Earth, before being put into a constellation.

C. In Western astronomy, all modern constellation names derive from Latin, some stars within the constellations are named using the genitive form of the Latin word by using the usual rules of Latin grammar. For example the zodiac sign for the Fish constellation Pisces relates to Piscium. In addition, all constellation names have a standard three-letter abbreviation as assigned by the IAU, under which, for example, Pisces becomes PSC.

D. Some star patterns often wrongly considered constellations by laymen are actually ‘asterisms’ – a group of stars that appear to form patterns in the sky -and are not in fact one of the 88 officially divided areas truly defined as a constellation. A famous example of an asterism oft mistaken for a constellation is the Big Dipper’ (as it is termed in North America) or the ‘Plough’ as it is known in the UK. In astronomical terms, this famous star formation is in fact considered only part of the larger constellation known as Ursa Major.

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Questions 28-35

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs A-H.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-xii in boxes 28-35.

List of Headings

i  Different methods of locating and identifying

ii  A better view of the constellations

iii  Technological advances in research and development

iv  Atmospheric weaknesses of telescopes in orbit

v  Different interpretations of star groupings

vi  Common misconceptions

vii  Bypassing terrestrial limitations

viii  Renewed interest in the stars

ix  Ethnic differences in celestial mapping

x  Formal marking of constellations

xi  Universal myths of constellations

xii  Historical and modern reference

28 _____________ Paragraph A

29 _____________ Paragraph B

30 _____________ Paragraph C

31 _____________ Paragraph D

32 _____________ Paragraph E

33 _____________ Paragraph F

34 _____________ Paragraph G

35 _____________ Paragraph H

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