雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：clinical trials

雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：clinical trials

雅思阅读真题原文如下：

The benefits of vitamins to our well-being are now familiar to most; however, when the link between diets lacking in citrus fruits and the development of the affliction ‘scurvy’ in sailors was first discovered by James Lind in 1747, the concept of vitamins was yet to be discovered. Scurvy, which causes softening of the gums, oral bleeding and, in extreme cases, tooth loss, is now known to present as a result of lack of Vitamin C in the diet. Additional symptoms include depression, liver spots on the skin – particularly arms and legs – loss of colour in the face and partial immobility; high incidence of the ailment aboard ships took an enormous toll on the crew’s ability to complete essential tasks while at sea.

Suggestions that citrus fruit may lower the incidence or indeed prevent scurvy had been made as early as 1600. It was Lind, however, who would conduct the first clinical trial by studying the effect within scientific experimental parameters. However, while the correlation between consuming citrus fruit and avoidance of scurvy was established, the preventative properties were attributed to the presence of acids in the fruit and not what would later be identified as vitamin content.

Lind’s subjects for his trial consisted of twelve sailors already exhibiting symptoms of scurvy. These individuals were split into six groups; each pair common diet. Pair 1 were rationed a daily quart of cider, pair 2 elixir of vitriol, pair 3 a given quantity of vinegar, pair 4 seawater, pair 5 oranges and a lemon and pair 6 barley water. Despite the trial having to be aborted after day five, when supplies of fruit were depleted, the findings of the interventional study showed that only the control group who were given fruit supplements showed any significant improvement in their condition (one had, in fact, recovered to the extent that he was fit enough to return to work). The immediate impact on sailors’ health and incidence of scurvy on board ship was, however, limited as Lind and other physicians remained convinced that the curative effect was acid based. Therefore, while consumption of citrus fruit was recommended, it was often replaced by cheaper acid supplements. The preventative Qualities of citrus fruit against scurvy were not truly recognised until 1800, though throughout the latter part of the 1700s, lemon juice was increasingly administered as a cure for sailors already afflicted.

Nowadays, the implementation of findings discovered in clinical trials into mainstream medicine remains an arduous and lengthy process and the clinical trials themselves represent only a small stage of the process of developing a new drug from research stage to launch in the marketplace. On average, for every thousand drugs conceived, only one of the thousand actually makes it to the stage of clinical trial, other projects being abandoned for a variety of reasons. Stages which need to be fulfilled prior to clinical trial – where the treatment is actually tested on human subjects -include discovery, purification, characterisation and laboratory testing.

。。。。。余下雅思阅读真题原文省略！

Questions 28-31

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.

In advanced cases of scurvy suffers may experience 28 ________________ along with numerous other symptoms.

Fruit adds were mistakenly heralded as having 29 ________________ in incidents of scurvy prior to the identification of vitamins.

Lind’s subjects for the first clinical trial were seamen who were at the time of 30 ________________ the condition in question.

All groups in Lind’s experiment were given a 31 ________________ along with specific rations which were varied for each control group.

Questions 32-35

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

Write your answers in boxes 32 – 35 on your answer sheet

32.The first clinical trial was conducted for only 5 days because

A that period of time was the planned protocol.

B the subjects in the relevant control group had already recovered.

C resources fundamental to the experiment were used up.

D those taking part in the trial were too sick to continue.

。。。。余下雅思阅读真题题目及答案省略！

雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：clinical trials，10元有偿下载完整版！