雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：psychometrics

雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：psychometrics

雅思阅读真题原文如下：

Psychometrics involves psychological and educational assessment of the subject by way of measuring attitudes, personality, abilities and knowledge. The field has two primary focuses; the creation of measurement instruments and procedures and development and enhancement of existing methodology employed.

The concept of psychometric testing, introduced long before the establishment of IQ testing and other current methodologies, was first explored by Francis Galton who developed the first testing procedures supposedly related to intelligence; however, his measurement tools were in fact based upon physical and physiological benchmarks rather than testing of the mind itself. Measurements included the physical power, height and weight of subjects which were recorded and results used to estimate the intelligence of subjects. While the approach was not successful, the studies conducted by Galton were to influence the work of future researchers. Approaches to measurement of intelligence, which is defined as the mind’s relative ability to reason, think, conceptually plan, solve problems, understand and learn, were later developed by pioneers such as Charles Spearman. Significant contributions to its early development were also made by Wilhelm Wundt, L.L. Thurstone, Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Fechner.

The most well-known traditional approach to development of psychometric instruments to measure intelligence is the Stanford-Binet IQ test, originally developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet. Researchers define intelligence as separate to other attributes such as personality, character, creativity and even knowledge and wisdom for the purpose of their assessment. Intelligence testing methods are not intended to determine a level of genetic intelligence separate from and unaffected by the environment to which the individual has been exposed to in life; rather to measure the intelligence of an individual apparent as a result of both nature and nurture. Psychometrics is today a useful and widely used tool used for measurement of abilities in academic areas such as reading, writing and mathematics.

IQ tests are commonly used to test intelligence, though some believe that this testing is unfair and not truly representative of the subject’s intellect as individuals may excel in different areas of reasoning. Psychologist Howard Gardner, working on this assumption, introduced the concept of an individual cognitive profile in 1983 in his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. He holds that one child may perform excellently in one aspect, yet fail in another and that their overall performance in a number of intellectual areas should be considered. Gardner first identified seven different types of intelligence, these being; linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily- kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal and intrapersonal. In 1999 after further research he added an 8th element to the equation; naturalistic intelligence, and at the time of writing is investigating the possibility of a 9th; this being existential intelligence.

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Questions 27–31

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

You may use any letter more than once.

27 _____________ Physiological evidence from Gardner that his intelligence theories are sound.

28 _____________ Aims of intelligence testing

29 _____________ Initial failure in successful measurement

30 _____________ How high level social skills are linked and classified as interpersonal intelligence.

31 _____________ Differences in opinions on what constitutes talent or intelligence

Questions 32-37

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet write:

TRUE            if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE           if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this

32 ________________ Early studies into intelligence were misguided and have had no impact on today’s methods.

33 ________________ Research into IQ is designed to determine the level of intelligence an individual is born with.

34 ________________ Howard Gardner has confirmed 9 different types of intelligence.

35 ________________ Spatial intelligence has been linked to creativity.

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