2019年1月26日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案+译文：Coral reefs

2019年1月26日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Coral reefs

Coral reefs are underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. They from some of the world's most productive ecosystems and are of great economy value. But with the wide intervention of human, Coral reefs are now facing increasing danger.

A Coral reefs are estimated to cover 284,300 km² just under 0.1% of the oceans' surface area, about half the area of France. The Indo-Pacific region accounts for 91.9% of this total area.Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3% of that figure, while the Pacific including Australia accounts for 40.8%. Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs account for 7.6%. Yet often called “rainforests of the sea", coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They provide a home for 25% of all marine species, including fish, mollusks (软体动物), worms, crustaceans(甲壳类动物), echinoderms(棘皮动物),sponges, tunicates and other cnidarians. Paradoxically, coral reefs flourish even though they are surrounded by ocean waters that provide few nutrients. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but deep water and cold water corals also exist on smaller scales in other areas. Although corals exist both in temperate and tropical waters, shallow-water reefs form only in a zone extending from 30° N to 30° S of the equator. Deep water coral can exist at greater depths and colder temperatures at much higher latitudes, as far north as Norway. Coral reefs are rare along the American and African west coasts. This is due primarily to upwelling and strong cold coastal currents that reduce water temperatures in these areas (respectively the Peru, Benguela and Canary streams). Corals are seldom found along the coastline of South Asia from the eastern tip of India (Madras) to the Bangladesh(孟加拉国)and Myanmar borders. They are also rare along the coast around northeastern South America and Bangladesh due to the freshwater release from the Amazon and Ganges Rivers(恒河), respectively.

A 据估计，珊瑚礁的总覆盖面积为28. 43万平方公里，连海洋表面面积的0.1%都不到, 大约为法国国土面积的一半。其中印度—太平洋海域就占了总面积的91. 9% 。 东南亚占32. 3%,而太平洋地区(包括澳大利亚在内)占40. 8%。[第14题]大西洋和加勒比海域的珊瑚礁占总面积的7. 6%。珊瑚礁经常被称为“海洋里的热带雨林”，珊瑚礁构成了地球上最多样化的生态系统。它们为25%的海洋生物提供了栖息地，包括鱼， 软体动物，蠕虫，甲壳类动物，棘皮动物，海绵，被囊类动物和其它剌胞动物。自相矛盾的是，尽管身处几乎不含养分的海水水域里，珊瑚礁仍然能够茂盛生长。 珊瑚礁通常都长在热带水域浅水水域，但是在其它地区的深水水域和冷水水域也存在小 量的珊瑚礁。尽管温带水域和热带水域都有珊瑚礁，浅水珊瑚礁只存在于赤道以南30度和赤道以北30度的区域内。深水珊瑚礁可以在高纬度地区，北至挪威，更深，温度更低的水域生存。美国和非洲的西海岸几乎没有珊瑚礁。根本上是因为上涌流和冰冷的近岸流降低了当地的水温(分别为秘魯寒流，本格拉寒流和加纳利海流)。从最东端的印度(马德拉斯)到孟加拉国再到缅匈边界的南海海域也鲜有珊瑚礁。南美洲的东北海案以及孟加拉国海域几乎也找不到珊瑚礁的踪影，这是因为亚马逊河和恒河在这里有大量的淡水入海。

B Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services to tourism, fisheries and coastline protection. The global economic value of coral reefs has been estimated at as much as $US375 billion per year. Coral reefs protect shorelines by absorbing wave energy(潮汐能), and many small islands would not exist without their reef to protect them.

B 珊瑚礁为旅游业,渔业和海岸线保护提供了生态系统服务。珊瑚礁在全世界的价值被估计高达3750亿美元之多。珊瑚礁通过吸收潮汐能保护海岸线，如果没有珊瑚礁的保护，许多小岛都不复存在了。

C The value of reefs in biodiverse (生物多样的) regions can be even higher. In parts of Indonesia and the Caribbean where tourism is the main use, reefs are estimated to be worth US$1 million per square kilometer, based on the cost of maintaining sandy beaches and the value of attracting snorkelers (浮潜者)and scuba divers (水肺潜水). Meanwhile, a recent study of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia found that the reef is worth more to the country as an intact ecosystem than an extractive reserve for fishing. Each year more than 1.8 million tourists visit the reef, spending an estimated AU$4.3 billion (Australian dollars) on reef-related industries from diving to boat rental to posh island resort stays. In the Caribbean, says UNEP, the net annual benefits from diver tourism was US$2 billion in 2000 with US$625 million spent directly on diving on reefs. Further, reef tourism is important source of employment, especially for some of the world's poorest people. UNEP says that of the estimated 30 million small-scale fishers in the developing world, most are dependent to a greater or lesser extent on coral reefs. In the Philippines, for example, more than one million small-scale fishers depend directly on coral reefs for their livelihoods. The report estimates that reef fisheries (渔场) were worth between $15,000 and $150,000 per square kilometer a year, while fish caught for aquariums (水族馆) were worth $500 a kilogram against $6 for fish caught as food. The aquarium fish export industry supports around 50,000 people and generates some US$5.5 million a year in Sri Lanka along.

C 在生物种类丰富的地区，珊瑚礁的价值会更髙。在印尼和加勒比国家海地区，珊瑚礁主要用作旅游，基于维护沙滩，吸引浮潜者和水肺浮潜游客所花费的成本， 每方公里珊瑚礁的价值估计有100万美元。同时，一份对澳大利亚大堡礁的最近研究发现大堡礁对于澳大利亚而言，它的价值更多的是在于它是一个完整的生态系统，而不是那里的天然渔业储备。每年超过180万的游客去大堡礁旅游，他们在潜水，租船，豪华渡假酒店等与珊瑚礁有关的项目的花费高达43亿澳元。联合国环境规划署说，在加勒比海地区，2000年来自潜水旅游的年净收入是20亿美元，其中0.625亿来自珊瑚礁潜水u 并且，珊瑚礁旅游业是重要的工作岗位提供来源，尤其是给世界上最贫困的人群。联合国环境规划署说，发展中国家小规模作业的渔民的数量有3000万，其中大部分在不同程度上都依靠着珊瑚礁。比如说，在菲律宾，超过100万的进行小规模作业的渔民的生计直接就依赖珊瑚礁。这份报告估计珊瑚礁渔场平均1平方公里的年产值在 15000美元到15万美元之间。捕捉1千克鱼用来吃值6美元，而为水族馆捕捉1千克的鱼值500美元。仅仅是在斯里兰卡，出口鱼用于水族馆养活了大约50000人，一年产值大约550 万美元。

............省略一般雅思阅读真题原文！

雅思阅读真题题目：Questions 28-40

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G

Which paragraph contains the following information?

NB You may use any letter more than once

28 geographical location of world's coral reef

29 the benefit of coral reef to the local economy

30 the statistics of coral reef's ecological significance

31 the listed reasons for decreasing coral reef

32 people's inappropriate physical access to coral reef

33 the mined fishing behavior in partial regions

。。。。。。。

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