2019年3月23日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案解析+译文：novice and expert

2019年3月23日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案解析+译文：novice and expert

Becoming an Expert

Expertise is commitment coupled with creativity. Specifically, it is the commitment of time, energy, and resources to a relatively narrow field of study and the creative energy necessary to generate new knowledge in that field. It takes a considerable amount of time and regular exposure to a large number of cases to become an expert.

专业知识总是离不开创造性，具体来看，讲时间，精力和资源投入到一个相对小的领域进行研究，需要创造性在该领域获得新的知识。要成为一名专家需要大量的时间和接触大量的实战实例。

A

An individual enters a field of study as a novice. The novice needs to learn the guiding principles and rules of a given task in order to perform that task. Concurrently, the novice needs to be exposed to specific cases, or instances, that test the boundaries of such heuristics. Generally, a novice will find a mentor to guide her through the process. A fairly simple example would be someone learning to play chess. The novice chess player seeks a mentor to teach her the object of the game, the number of spaces, the names of the pieces, the function of each piece, how each piece is moved, and the necessary conditions for winning or losing the game.

每个人都是以菜鸟的身份进入一个新的领域。菜鸟需要学习最基本的原理以及既定任务的法则来完成该项任务。与此同时，菜鸟还需要面对具体的实例或是情况，这也能够测出启发式教育的成果。一般来说，菜鸟需要找一个导师来帮助他顺利进行这个过程。举一个最简单的例子，如果又热要学习下象棋，菜鸟就需要找一个导师告诉他象棋的目标，棋盘的棋子的总数，每一枚棋子的名字，每一枚棋子的功能，怎么移动以及最后决定输赢的必要条件。

B

In time, and with much practice, the novice begins to recognize patterns of behavior within cases and. thus, becomes a journeyman. With more practice and exposure to increasingly complex cases, the journeyman finds patterns not only within cases but also between cases. More importantly, the journeyman learns that these patterns often repeat themselves over time. The journeyman still maintains regular contact with a mentor to solve specific problems and learn more complex strategies. Returning to the example of the chess player, the individual begins to learn patterns of opening moves, offensive and defensive game-playing strategies, and patterns of victory and defeat.

随着时间的投入和不断的练习，菜鸟开始能够识别实例内部行为的类型，成为一个熟练学徒，通过更多的练习和接触更为复杂的实例，使得已经成为熟练学徒的学徒不仅能识别实例内部的类型也能够看出不同实例之间的联系。更为重要的是，成熟的工人发现这些实例的类型会重复出现。成熟工人仍然需要和导师保持联系来解决一些具体的问题并且学习更加复杂的策略。回到刚才讲的学习下棋的例子，菜鸟开始慢慢学习怎样开棋，进攻以及防守这类的下棋策略，以及判断输赢的情况。

C

When a journeyman starts to make and test hypotheses about future behavior based on past experiences, she begins the next transition. Once she creatively generates knowledge, rather than simply matching superficial patterns, she becomes an expert. At this point, she is confident in her knowledge and no longer needs a mentor as a guide—she becomes responsible for her own knowledge. In the chess example, once a journeyman begins competing against experts, makes predictions based on patterns, and tests those predictions against actual behavior, she is generating new knowledge and a deeper understanding of the game. She is creating her own cases rather than relying on the cases of others.

当一个熟练学徒开始通过以往的经验来预测未来的情况是，他开始了向下一个阶段的过渡。一旦熟练学徒开始创造性地获取知识而不是简单地根据类型来将实例进行匹配的时候，他就成为了一名专家。在这个阶段，他开始自信与自己所掌握的知识，不再需要一名导师——他自己可以自由运用自己的知识。在刚才举的下棋的例子中，一旦一个熟练学徒开始和专家进行竞争，根据掌握的类型来做出预测，并且根据实际的行为来检验该预测，他就获取了新的知识，并且对象棋有了更深的理解。他开始创造出自己的下棋攻略而不是依赖于别人的经验。

D

省略。。。。。原文

E

省略。。。。。原文

The Power of Expertise

F

An expert perceives meaningful patterns in her domain better than non-experts. Where a novice perceives random or disconnected data points, an expert connects regular patterns within and between cases. This ability to identify patterns is not an innate perceptual skill; rather it reflects the organization of knowledge after exposure to and experience with thousands of cases. Experts have a deeper understanding of their domains than novices do, and utilize higher-order principles to solve problems. A novice, for example, might group objects together by color or size, whereas an expert would group the same objects according to their function or utility. Experts comprehend the meaning of data and weigh variables with different criteria within their domains better than novices. Experts recognize variables that have the largest influence on a particular problem and focus their attention on those variables.

G

Experts have better domain-specific short-term and long-term memory than novices do. Moreover, experts perform tasks in their domains faster than novices and commit fewer errors while problem solving. Interestingly, experts go about solving problems differently than novices. Experts spend more time thinking about a problem to fully understand it at the beginning of a task than do novices, who immediately seek to find a solution. Experts use their knowledge of previous cases as context for creating mental models to solve given problems.

H

省略。。。。。原文

The Paradox of Expertise

I

The strengths of expertise can also be weaknesses. Although one would expect experts to be good forecasters, they are not particularly good at making predictions about the future. Since the 1930s, researchers have been testing the ability of experts to make forecasts. The performance of experts has been tested against actuarial tables to determine if they are better at making predictions than simple statistical models. Seventy years later, with more than two hundred experiments in different domains, it is clear that the answer is no. If supplied with an equal amount of data about a particular case, an actuarial table is as good, or better, than an expert at making calls about the future. Even if an expert is given more specific case information than is available to the statistical model, the expert does not tend to outperform the actuarial table.

J

省略。。。。。原文

雅思阅读真题题目：1-13题！

Questions 1-5

Complete the flow chart

Choose No More Than Three Words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

From a novice to an expert

Novice:

need to study 1 under the guidance of a 2.......

3......start to identify 4..... for cases within or between study more 5..... ways of doing things create new knowledge

Expert:perform task independently

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