雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Traditional Farming Practice in Tanzania

雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Traditional Farming Practice in Tanzania

A

By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.

B

Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula，, as in the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The grain of this crop is used to brew local beers such as cipumu, which contribute several vitamins of the B complex to peoples’ diet. Cipumu is also used in cementing reciprocal working relationships.

C

During the second season, and possibly for a few seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins(Telfiria occidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Phaseolus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with cassava, which is often planted into the developing last-but-one crop as a relay.

D

Richards observed that the practice of citemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner，,since it is considered provocative towards one’s neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacked by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done by the women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.

E

When forest is not available – this is increasingly the case nowadays – various ridging systems are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, particularly in the Valley, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the roadside or in local markets.

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雅思阅读真题题目：

Questions 1~5 Complete the notes below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1 In Luapula land allocation is on the basis of.......

2 Citemene system provides land with...... of branches where crops are planted.

3 The last planted crop is...... during the second season.

4 Farm work was finished by....... in harvest time by citemene system.

5 Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near......

Questions 6-9

Look at the following descriptions(Question 6-9 )and the list of animals below. Match each description with the correct animal, A-C.

Write the correct letter,A-C,in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

A Fish

B Oxen

C Goats

6 were used in some special occasions such as celebrations.

7 cannot thrive as being harassed by the pests.

8 were a main part of making profit.

9 were sold to other places.

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