雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Human Navigation—Finding Our Way

雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：Human Navigation—Finding Our Way

A.

The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Anyone who knows the way from point A to point B–and from A to C— can probably figure out how to get from B to C, too. But how does this complex cognitive system really work? Researchers are looking at several strategies people use to orient themselves in space: guidance, path integration and route following. We may use all three or combinations thereof. As experts learn more about these navigational skills, they are making the case that our abilities may underlie our powers of memory and logical thinking.

B.

If you ask passersby for help, most likely you will receive information in many different forms. A person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gesture southward: “Look down there. See the tall, broad MetLife Building? Head for that—the station is right below it.” Neurologists call this navigational approach “guidance”, meaning that a landmark visible from a distance serves as the marker for one’s destination.

C.

Another city dweller might say: “What places do you remember passing? … Okay. Go toward the end of Central Park, then walk down to St. Patrick’s Cathedral. A few more blocks, and Grand Central will be off to your left.” In this case, you are pointed toward the most recent place you recall, and you aim for it. Once there you head for the next notable place and so on, retracing your path. Your brain is adding togethertheindividuallegsofyourtrekintoacumulativeprogressreport. Researchers call this strategy “path integration.” Many animals rely primarily on path integration to get around, including insects, spiders, crabs and rodents. The desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis employ this method to return from foraging as far as 100 yards away. They note the general direction they came from and retrace their steps, using the polarization of sunlight to orient themselves even under overcast skies. On their way back they are faithful to this inner homing vector. Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totally different spot, the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined direction until it has gone “back” all of the distance it wandered from its nest. Only then does the ant realize it has not succeeded, and it begins to walk in successively larger loops to find its way home.

D

Whether it is trying to get back to the anthill or the train station, any animal using path integration must keep track of its own movements so it knows, while returning, which segments it has already completed. As you move, your brain gathers data from your environment—sights, sounds, smells, lighting, muscle contractions, a sense of time passing—to determine which way your body has gone. The church spire, the sizzling sausages on that vendor’s grill, the open courtyard, the train station—all represent snapshots of memorable junctures during your journey.

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雅思阅读真题题目：

Questions 15-19

Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation method

(listed A-C) with correct statement.

Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.

NB you may use any letter more than once

A Guidance

B Path integration.

C Route following

15 Using basic direction from starting point and light intensity to move on.

16 Using combination of place and direction for destination.

17 Using a well-known building near your destination as orientation.

18 Using a retrace method from a known place if a mistake happens.

19 Using a passed spot as reference for a new integration.

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