2015年7月25日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：History of Refrigeration

2015年7月25日雅思阅读真题+题目+答案：History of Refrigeration

A

The term refrigeration refers to cooling an area or substance below the environmental temperature, the process of removing heat. Mechanical refrigeration uses the evaporation of a liquid refrigerant to absorb heat. The refrigerant goes through a cycle so that it can be reused, the main cycles are; vapour-compression, absorption, steam-jet or steam-ejector, and air. Maryland farmer Thomas Moore first introduced the term Refrigerator in 1803, the appliance we know today first appeared in the 20th century.

B

Prior to mechanical refrigeration systems, people found different ways of preserving their food. Some people preferred to use cooling systems of ice or snow found either locally or brought down from mountains and sometimes stored in cellars. Using those techniques meant that diets would have consisted of very little fresh food or fruits and vegetables, but mostly of bread, cheese and salted meats. Milk and cheeses were difficult to keep fresh, they were usually stored in a cellar or window box, but despite those methods, they could not prevent rapid spoilage. People were more than ready for a better system of preserving food.Later on, it was discovered that adding chemicals like sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate to water caused the temperature to fall. Cooling wine with this technique was first recorded in 1550, as was the term “to refrigerate”. Cooling drinks became very popular by 1600 in Europe, especially in Spain, Italy and France. Instead of cooling water at night, people used a new technique; rotating long necked bottles in water which held dissolved saltpeter. The solution was used to create very low temperatures and even to make ice. By the end of the 17th century, iced drinks including frozen juices and liquors were very popular in French society.

C

A demand for ice soon became very strong. Consumer demand for fresh food, especially produce, led to diet reform between 1830 and the Civil War, fueled by the dramatic growth of cities and the improvement in economic status of the general populace. And as cities grew, so did the distance between the consumer and the source of the food. In 1799, ice was first shipped commercially out of Canal Street in New York City to Charleston, South Carolina. The attempt was a failure as there was very little ice left when the shipment arrived. Frederick Tudor and Nathaniel Wyeth of New England saw the great potential that existed for the ice business and revolutionized the industry with their efforts in the first half of the 1800s. Tudor, who was known as the “Ice King”, was more focused on shipping ice to tropical climates. To ensure his product would arrive safely, he experimented with different insulating materials and built icehouses that decreased melting losses from 66 percent to less than 8 percent. Wyeth developed a method of cheaply and quickly cutting uniform blocks of ice that transformed the ice industry. He made speed handling techniques in storage, transportation and distribution possible, with less waste.

D

Eventually it became clear that the ice being scraped was not all clean and was causing health problems. It was becoming an increasingly difficult task to find clean sources of natural ice and by the 1890’s, pollution and sewage dumping had made the job seem even more impossible. The first signs were noticed in the brewing industry, and then the meat packing and dairy industries became seriously affected. Some sort of clean, mechanical refrigeration was desperately needed.

E

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雅思阅读真题题目：部分

Questions 1-4

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below.

Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet

A. 1799 B. 1803 C.1840 D.1949 E.1973

1. Vehicles of transporting refrigerator on road

2. The first time ice sold around united states

3. Use of dangerous chemicals of refrigerator were no longer used

4. the term “Refrigerator” was firstly introduced in the year of

Questions 5-9

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with opinions or deeds below. 

Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

A Thomas Moore D, J.B. Sutherland

B. Frederick Tudor E. Fred Jones

C. Nathaniel Wyeth F. Parker Earle

5. patened that Refrigerator can be delivered by train

6. An Ice-cutting technical method make the transportation less wasteful

7. Cold storage technology is applied in fruit

8. Refrigerator transportation assisted by trucking industry on road

9. For the first time, the phrase refrigeration was introduced

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